My background is in international relations so keep that in mind.
1. Read news for 30 minutes every day. New York Times, BBC, Washington Post, The Economist is what I started with before settling on BBC news podcast, but you can just start with those four newspapers and keep reading the one that makes you least aggravated. You might not understand the implications yet, but eventually you will recognize names, events and develop a general understanding.
2. Read political theory through summaries. Take notes. E.g. main ideas of realists, main tenets of free market economy, what is socialism, etc. you can start here and even Wikipedia and then read the originals that interest you. As you learn, try to apply the theory to the news you read. Who’s acting like a realist? Constructivist? Who believes in zero sum game? Why some economic policies work and others don’t? Etc.
3. Take an online class. Something like The Changing Global Order looks cool, but take your pick from Coursera. Some topics to guide your search: macroeconomics, microeconomics, governance, human rights.
4. If you have access to a library, try to see if they have Global Affairs. A collection of long pieces on current affairs that help you understand step 1 better.